Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Rhynchophylline attenuates porcine pseudorabies virus-induced astrocyte injury by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic abnormalities

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2026.1782776

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effects of different concentrations of rhynchophylline (RHY) on the viability of C8-D1A cells were assessed using the cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 6). The same letters indicate no differences between groups ( P > 0.05), while different letters represent significant differences between groups ( P < 0.05).

Article Snippet: The mouse astrocyte cell line C8-D1A was procured from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, United States) and cultured in high-glucose DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% P/S (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, United States) at 37 °C in a 5% CO 2 incubator.

Techniques: Cell Counting, CCK-8 Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Rhynchophylline attenuates porcine pseudorabies virus-induced astrocyte injury by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic abnormalities

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2026.1782776

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effects of RHY on the expression levels of the PRV gE gene in C8-D1A cells were evaluated via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) at 12, 24, and 48 h post-infection (hpi). Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Different lowercase letters (a, b, c) indicate significant differences between groups at the same time point ( P < 0.05); different uppercase letters (A, B, C) indicate significant differences across time points within the same group ( P < 0.05).

Article Snippet: The mouse astrocyte cell line C8-D1A was procured from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, United States) and cultured in high-glucose DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% P/S (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, United States) at 37 °C in a 5% CO 2 incubator.

Techniques: Expressing, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative RT-PCR, Infection

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Rhynchophylline attenuates porcine pseudorabies virus-induced astrocyte injury by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic abnormalities

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2026.1782776

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effects of RHY on cytokine mRNA levels in C8-D1A cells were assessed. (A–D) The relative mRNA levels of interleukin (IL)-6 (A) , IL-8 (B) , IL-4 (C) , and IL-10 (D) were detected by RT-qPCR. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Different lowercase letters (a, b, c) indicate significant differences between groups at the same time point ( P < 0.05); different uppercase letters (A, B, C) indicate significant differences across time points within the same group ( P < 0.05).

Article Snippet: The mouse astrocyte cell line C8-D1A was procured from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, United States) and cultured in high-glucose DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% P/S (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, United States) at 37 °C in a 5% CO 2 incubator.

Techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Rhynchophylline attenuates porcine pseudorabies virus-induced astrocyte injury by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic abnormalities

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2026.1782776

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effects of RHY on oxidative stress indicators in PRV-infected C8-D1A cells were investigated. (A) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected by flow cytometry. (B–F) Xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity (B) , myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (C) , nitric oxide (NO) content (D) , malondialdehyde (MDA) activity (E) , and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (F) were measured using biochemical assay kits. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Different lowercase letters (a, b, c) indicate significant differences between groups at the same time point ( P < 0.05); different uppercase letters (A, B, C) indicate significant differences across time points within the same group ( P < 0.05).

Article Snippet: The mouse astrocyte cell line C8-D1A was procured from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, United States) and cultured in high-glucose DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% P/S (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, United States) at 37 °C in a 5% CO 2 incubator.

Techniques: Infection, Flow Cytometry, Activity Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Rhynchophylline attenuates porcine pseudorabies virus-induced astrocyte injury by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic abnormalities

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2026.1782776

Figure Lengend Snippet: Metabolomic analysis of RHY’s effect on reversing PRV-induced metabolic dysregulation in C8-D1A cells was performed. (A–C) Principal component analysis (PCA) score plots of the control group (Ctrl), PRV-infected group, and RHY-treated group at 12 (A) , 24 (B) , and 48 (C) hours post-infection (hpi). (D–F) Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) score plots of the Ctrl, PRV, and RHY groups at 12 (D) , 24 (E) , and 48 (F) hours post-infection. (G,H) Volcano plots and heatmaps of differential metabolites between the Ctrl and PRV_12h groups (G) , as well as between PRV_12h and RHY_12h groups (H) . (I,J) Volcano plots and heatmaps of differential metabolites between the Ctrl and PRV_24h groups (I) , as well as between PRV_24h and RHY_24h groups (J) . (K,L) Volcano plots and heatmaps of differential metabolites between the Ctrl and PRV_48h groups (K) , as well as between PRV_48h and RHY_48h groups (L) .

Article Snippet: The mouse astrocyte cell line C8-D1A was procured from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, United States) and cultured in high-glucose DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% P/S (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, United States) at 37 °C in a 5% CO 2 incubator.

Techniques: Metabolomic, Control, Infection